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Max exposure before star trails
500 rule

500 ÷ (crop × focal length). A quick rule of thumb based on focal length alone.

NPF rule (recommended)

Also accounts for aperture and pixel pitch — a sharper estimate on modern high-resolution sensors.

Short exposures mean fewer photons per frame — shoot many short frames at a higher ISO and stack them for a cleaner, less noisy result: /astrostack.

Astronomical darkness
Astro dusk
Astro dawn
Dark duration
Moon interference
Illumination
Phase
Moon rise / set tonight

Dark & moonless window:

twilight dark & moonless moon up
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